BISPHENOL-A CONSUMER HEALTH & SAFETY INFORMATION

I. OVERVIEW

Products made with polycarbonate plastic or epoxy resins, both manufactured from Bisphenol-A (BPA), are widely used by consumers because they make our lives safer and easier. In the forty plus years since its first commercial use, BPA's safety has been confirmed by numerous tests designed to evaluate potential health effects and by government assessments of those tests.

Use of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins in food and beverage containers is authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Food has recently confirmed that food contact products made with BPA are safe for their intended uses.

In the April 2003 edition of Current Biology, Dr. Patricia Hunt and colleagues reported finding a chromosomal abnormality in mouse eggs after exposure to BPA. The research did not examine any potential effects on reproduction or development in mice, and Dr. Hunt has acknowledged that the connection between her results and human health has not been established (Ref. 19, 22). Moreover, as Dr. Hunt stated in a recent interview, "I think in the case of my study, no regulatory agency is going to change their guidelines based on the results of one study, so obviously the way science is done is we report a finding and someone else repeats it. So we're waiting for that replication." (Ref. 42) Significantly, the study's findings are contradicted by numerous studies that are used by governments to assess safety, all of which found no evidence of health effects at levels even remotely close to what consumers may encounter through normal use of polycarbonate and epoxy products, including no reproductive or developmental effects.

The FDA has reviewed the Current Biology article and has not altered any of its safe use determinations, nor has it indicated any intention to do so. Following publication of the study, George Pauli, Associate Director for Science and Policy in the FDA's Office of Food Additive Safety, commented, "We don't have any reason to believe that there's any effect." (Ref. 41)

Click on the links in the text for detailed information on each of the following points.

Polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins - safely used for more than 40 years
Polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, made from BPA, have been safely used in consumer products for more than forty years. Polycarbonate is often used in place of glass because it is clear, lightweight, heat-resistant, and shatter-resistant, a significant safety advantage. Polycarbonate is so tough it is also used as bullet-resistant glass and is used to make bicycle helmets and other safety equipment to protect people from injuries. Epoxy resins are inert materials used as linings in metal cans to protect foods and beverages from spoilage and other contamination. Click here for more information.

Extensive testing demonstrates safety of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins
BPA has been extensively researched and tested. Government agencies in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere have reviewed the research data and confirm that polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins may be safely used in contact with food (Ref. 14, 56). The research demonstrating the safety of BPA includes internationally accepted tests designed to examine potential reproductive and developmental effects, upon which governments rely to assess safety. These tests, examining laboratory animals over multiple generations and conducted according to internationally recognized standards, coupled with the assessment of those tests by government agencies in the U.S., Europe, and Japan, clearly support the safety of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Click here for more information.

Consumer exposure to BPA is extremely low
Typical levels of human exposure to BPA are about 1 million times below levels that have been demonstrated not to cause adverse effects in the internationally recognized multi-generation reproductive toxicity studies. Numerous recent studies that directly measure human exposure to BPA have demonstrated that exposure to adults and children is many times lower than the levels tested in the Current Biology study (Ref. 1, 6, 18, 31, 44, 53, 61, 65). Click here for more information.

The body rapidly removes BPA
BPA does not accumulate in the body. The very small amounts of BPA that may be taken into the body are rapidly excreted. The result is that reproductive organs would have no significant exposure to BPA and, thus, essentially no opportunity for BPA to cause the effects reported in the Current Biology study. Click here for more information.

Governments have not accepted the "low-dose hypothesis"
Governments and independent scientific bodies worldwide have reviewed the scientific evidence on the potential for BPA to cause health effects at very low doses. No government body has accepted the so-called "low-dose hypothesis." Furthermore, no study purporting to show low-dose effects has been replicated in a second lab, despite repeated efforts to do so. Before a reported finding can be accepted as scientifically valid, it is essential to ensure the results can be reproduced, especially in a separate laboratory. Click here for more information.

The Current Biology study's authors speculate about effects they did not examine
Claims of potential human effects go so far beyond the actual findings of the study that they are scientifically dubious. The study's authors have speculated about miscarriage and birth defects in humans based on findings of their preliminary research in mouse eggs. The authors' speculations are contradicted by numerous internationally accepted studies that specifically looked for and found no evidence of such effects at any level remotely close to levels consumers might encounter (Ref. 12, 39, 54). In fact, Dr. Hunt herself has acknowledged that, scientifically, a connection between her results and human health has not been established (Ref. 19, 22). Click here for more information.

The safety of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, made from BPA, is supported by extensive tests used to evaluate potential health effects from BPA. These studies, along with the fact that the FDA continues to believe polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins are safe when used as intended, provide strong reassurance of the safety of these products. Based on the totality of the research, governments around the world continue to permit the use of polycarbonate and epoxy resins in food containers.

II. DETAILED INFORMATION ON THE SAFETY OF BPA

Polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins - safely used for more than 40 years
Polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, made from BPA, have been safely used in consumer products for more than forty years.

In addition to being clear and tough, polycarbonate has high heat and electrical resistance. It is used in a variety of everyday products, including:

• eyeglass lenses
  
• bicycle helmets
  
• reusable food and drink containers
  
• construction helmets
  
• consumer electronics
  
• safety goggles
  
• household appliances
  
• medical equipment
  
• cell phones
  
• computers

Epoxy resins have an exceptional combination of toughness, adhesion, and chemical resistance. Epoxy resins are used in:

• linings of food and beverage cans
  
• electrical equipment
  
• adhesives
  
• flooring

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Extensive testing confirms safety of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins

Reproductive and developmental testing:

Numerous studies conducted according to internationally recognized standards and relied upon by governments have looked specifically for reproductive and developmental health effects. These studies have consistently found no such effects below, at, and as much as 4,000 times above the exposure levels in the Current Biology study.

The key studies on which experts, government officials and industry rely for the conclusion that there are no reproductive or developmental risks from exposure to BPA at levels anywhere near levels a consumer might encounter include:

• A continuous breeding study in mice, conducted by the U.S. government's National Toxicology Program, showed no effects on reproduction at a dose approximately 4000 times higher than the highest dose tested in the Current Biology study (Ref. 39).
  
  
• A study conducted at the Research Triangle Institute examined parents and three offspring generations of rats exposed to BPA. No evidence of developmental or reproductive effects was found at doses anywhere near levels to which consumers might be exposed (Ref. 54).
  
  
• A similar two-generation study sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare found no developmental or reproductive effects at any dose tested. This study also included two behavioral tests of offspring, including a learning test, and found no effect of BPA at any dose (Ref. 12).

Genetic testing:

BPA has been studied using a standard internationally recognized test for determining genetic effects - the mouse micronucleus assay. No such effects were found, even at a dose 20,000 to 100,000 times higher than the doses tested in the Current Biology study (Ref. 5).

In summary, many of the studies that ordinarily might be conducted in response to the Current Biology findings had previously been conducted and do not indicate a reproductive, developmental or genetic risk.

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Consumer exposure to BPA is extremely low
A person would have to consume more than 1,300 pounds of food and beverages in contact with polycarbonate plastic or more than 500 pounds of food and beverages from cans lined with epoxy resins, every day for a lifetime, to exceed the safe level of BPA set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Migration of BPA from polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins in food and beverage containers has been shown to be extremely low. Actual human dietary concentrations are infinitesimal. Studies of polycarbonate and epoxy resins by government agencies, academia, and industry have examined the typical ways consumers use polycarbonate products, including microwaving, washing in a dishwasher, sterilizing, and long-term storage at a variety of temperatures, and have found that migration from these uses is generally less than five parts per billion. Even under conditions that go far beyond normal use, migration of BPA is well below safe levels. For canned foods, migration is typically less than 37 parts per billion and is so low as to be virtually undetectable in canned beverages (Refs. 4, 9, 16, 20, 21, 25, 30, 36, 55).

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The body rapidly removes BPA
Studies demonstrate that the very small amounts of BPA that may be taken into the body do not accumulate and are rapidly excreted. The metabolism of BPA in humans has been reported in the scientific literature in two studies that involve human volunteers (Ref. 53, 58). The results of both studies show that BPA is rapidly converted to a glucuronide metabolite that is then excreted in urine within hours after the initial exposure. These results are consistent with the results of multiple animal studies that also demonstrate that BPA is rapidly metabolized (Ref. 43, 46, 48, 57). The glucuronide metabolite of BPA does not have estrogenic activity (Ref. 32). The scientific evidence shows that humans very efficiently metabolize and excrete BPA, resulting in no significant exposure of the reproductive organs to BPA.

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Governments have not accepted the "low-dose hypothesis"
Various government and independent scientific bodies worldwide have reviewed the studies that claim BPA has the potential to cause health effects at very low doses. No government body has accepted the so-called "low-dose hypothesis" in general or specifically for BPA. Notable examples include the U.S. EPA (Ref. 13), Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Ref. 23), Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (Ref. 24), European Commission Scientific Committee on Food (Ref. 14), and European Commission Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (Ref. 15).

In 2000, the U.S. government's National Toxicology Program's (NTP) Low Dose Peer Review BPA Subpanel reviewed the available scientific data to evaluate the likelihood of low dose effects and found that the data did not prove the low-dose hypothesis for BPA. In its review of studies led by low dose theorist Dr. Frederick vom Saal, the Subpanel found a variety of problems, including lack of proper documentation and, for one study, use of a methodology the panel characterized as "prone to false positive outcomes." Despite a request from the NTP, no raw data were submitted to support five of Dr. vom Saal's studies, so those studies could not be evaluated at all by the NTP expert review group (Ref. 40). In contrast, the Subpanel determined that a number of large, statistically powerful studies in rats and mice found no evidence for a low-dose effect of BPA. (The Tyl study, which demonstrated no low-dose effect after examination of over one million data points in four generations of laboratory animals across a wide range of doses, was considered by the NTP Statistics Subpanel as "arguably the most comprehensive of the studies we evaluated.") A number of these statistically powerful studies were designed to replicate in other laboratories the "low-dose" studies, but no low-dose effects were found (Ref. 40). As the NTP Panel noted, "Reproducibility of experimental results is an important and necessary feature of any scientific finding before it can be generally accepted as valid. …Perhaps the most important kind of replication is reproducibility among different laboratories trying to confirm the findings of another laboratory."

Both before and subsequent to the NTP BPA Subpanel's review, academic, government and industry researchers have published studies that report no effects from low doses of BPA (Ref. 7, 8, 12, 54, 2, 3, 10, 11, 17, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66). These include studies in separate laboratories specifically designed to replicate reported low-dose results (Ref. 3, 7, 8, 52).

In sum, the studies purporting to show low-dose effects were limited studies on a few laboratory animals, did not use internationally accepted research protocols and have not been replicated in independent laboratories. As many governments and scientific bodies have concluded, the weight of scientific evidence does not support the validity of the low-dose hypothesis for BPA.

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The Current Biology study's authors speculate about effects they did not examine
The authors of the Current Biology study have speculated about miscarriage and birth defects, effects that could not be examined in their research on an early phase of mouse eggs prior to cell division. The authors did not look for actual effects after cell division. Authoritative studies, using internationally accepted protocols that have been validated for the evaluation of potential health effects, have looked for evidence of effects on fertility (the equivalent of miscarriage in mice) and increased incidence of birth defects. These studies found BPA to have no such effects at any level remotely close to levels consumers might encounter (Ref. 12, 39, 54).

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III. SOURCES

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